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MathematicalAnalysis/16多重积分.tex
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\chapter{多重积分}
\section{矩形区域上的积分}
\begin{definition}[二重积分]
$I$$\realnum^2$中的闭矩形,$I = [a, b] \times [c, d]$。作$[a, b]$的分割
\[\pi_x: a = x_0 < x_1 < \dots < x_n = b\]
又作$[c, d]$的分割
\[\pi_y: c = y_0 < y_1 < \dots < y_m = d\]
两组平行线把$I$分割成$k = n \times m$个子矩形
\[[x_{i - 1}, x_i] \times [y_{j - 1}, y_j], i = 1, 2, \dots, n, j = 1, 2, \dots, m\]
$k$个子矩形的全体组成$I$的一个分割$\pi = \pi_x \times \pi_y$,用一定的次序重排这$k$个子矩形,将它们编号为$I_1, I_2, \dots, I_k$,在每一个$I_i$中任取一点$\xi_i(i = 1, 2, \dots, k)$作积分和也称Riemann和
\[\sum_{i = 1}^k f(\xi_i) \sigma(I_i)\]
\[\norm{\pi} = \max\{\diam (I_1), \dots, \diam(I_k)\}\]
这里$\diam(I_i)$是矩形$I_i$对角线的长度,称$\norm{\pi}$为分割$\pi$的宽度;$\sigma(I_i)$表示矩形$I_i$的面积。
如果存在数$A$使得对任意给定的$\varepsilon > 0$,有$\delta > 0$,凡是$\norm{\pi} < \delta$时,不论值点$\xi_i$在子矩形$I_i$中如何选择,都有
\[\abs{\sum_{i = 1}^k f(\xi_i) \sigma(I_i) - A} < \varepsilon\]
则称函数$f$在矩形$I$上可积,并将$A$写作
\[\iint \limits_I f(x, y) \dif x \dif y \qquad \text{或者} \qquad \int \limits_I f \dif \sigma\]
称之为$f$在矩形$I$上的二重积分,或简称$f$$I$上的积分。这里$f$称为被积函数,$I$称为积分区域。
\end{definition}
\begin{theorem}[可积函数的有界性]
如果$f$$I$上可积,那么$f$必在$I$上有界。
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}[可积函数线性性质]
$f, g \in R(D)$$\alpha, \beta \in \realnum$,则$\alpha f + \beta g \in R(D)$,且
\[\int \limits_D (\alpha f + \beta g) \dif \sigma = \alpha \int \limits_D f \dif \sigma + \beta \int \limits_D g \dif \sigma\eqper\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
$f$$g$$I$上可积且$f \geq g$,那么
\[\int \limits_I f \dif \sigma \geq \int \limits_I g \dif \sigma\eqper\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
$D = D_1 \cup D_2$,且$D_1$$D_2$没有公共内点,若$f(x, y) \in R(D)$,则$f(x, y) \in R(D_1), f(x, y) \in R(D_2)$,且
\[\iint \limits_D f(x, y) \dif \sigma = \iint \limits_{D_1} f(x, y) \dif \sigma + \iint \limits_{D_2} f(x, y) \dif \sigma\eqper\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
$f(x, y) \in R(D)$,则$\abs{f(x, y)} \in R(D)$,并且有
\[\abs{\iint \limits_D f(x, y) \dif \sigma} \leq \iint \limits_D \abs{f(x, y)} \dif \sigma\eqper\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
$f(x, y) \in R(D)$,则$f$有界,设$m \leq f(x, y) \leq M$,则有
\[m \sigma(D) \leq \iint \limits_D f(x, y) \dif \sigma \leq M \sigma(D)\eqper\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}[积分中值定理]
$D \subset \realnum^2$连通、有界闭,$\partial D$为零面积集,$f \in C(D)$,则存在$(\xi, \eta) \in D$,满足
\[\iint \limits_D f(x, y) \sigma = f(\xi, \eta) \sigma(D)\eqper\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
$D \subset \realnum^2$为连通有界闭集,$\partial D$为零面积集,$g$$D$上不变号,$f, g \in C(D)$。则存在$(\xi, \eta) \in D$,满足
\[\iint \limits_D f(x, y) g(x, y) \dif \sigma = f(\xi, \eta) \iint \limits_D g(x, y) \dif \sigma\]
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
$f \in R(D)$$D$关于$OX$轴对称,则
\begin{itemize}
\item$f(x, y)$关于$y$为己函数,则$\displaystyle\iint \limits_D f(x, y) \dif \sigma = 0$;
\item$f(x, y)$关于$y$为偶函数,记$D_1$$D$位于$OX$轴上方的部分,则$\displaystyle\iint \limits_D f(x, y) \dif \sigma = 2 \iint \limits_{D_1} f(x, y) \dif \sigma$
\end{itemize}
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}[轮换不变性]
$D \subset \realnum^2$关于$x, y$是轮换对称的,即$(x, y) \in D \Leftrightarrow (y, x) \in D$,则
\[\iint \limits_D f(x, y) \dif \sigma = \iint \limits_D f(y, x) \dif \sigma\eqper\]
\end{theorem}