第五周。

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\chapter{函数的导数}
\section{导数的概念}
\begin{definition}[导数]
设函数$f(x)$$x_0$附近有定义(包括$x_0$点)。定义$f$$x_0$点的导数
\[\deriv{f}(x_0) = \tolim{x}{x_0}\frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x - x_0}\]
若极限存在,则称$f$$x_0$点可导。
\end{definition}
\begin{remark}
应用代换$\Delta x = x - x_0$,导数可以等价地表示为
\[\deriv{f} = \tolim{\Delta x}{0} \frac{(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x}\eqper\]
\end{remark}
Leibniz记号$\Delta f = f(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)$,那么
\[\frac{\dif f}{\dif x} = \tolim{\Delta x}{0} \frac{\Delta f}{\Delta x}\]
或记为
\[\frac{\dif f}{\dif x}(x_0) = \frac{\dif f}{\dif x}\bigg|_{x=x_0} = \deriv{f}(x_0) \eqper\]
\begin{definition}[单侧导数]
左导数:$\deriv{f}_{-} (x_0) = \tolim{\Delta x}{0^-} \dfrac{(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x}$
右导数:$\deriv{f}_{+} (x_0) = \tolim{\Delta x}{0^+} \dfrac{(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x}$
\end{definition}
\begin{corollary}
$\deriv{f}$存在等价于$\deriv{f}_{-}(x_0)$$\deriv{f}_{+}(x_0)$都存在且相等。
\end{corollary}
\begin{theorem}[函数可导与连续的关系]
$f$$x_0$点可导,则$f$$x_0$点连续。
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
注意到有
\begin{align*}
f(x) & = f(x_0) + (f(x) - f(x_0))\\
& = f(x_0) + \frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x-x_0}(x-x_0)
\end{align*}
对上面等式两边求极限,应用极限的四则运算性质:
\begin{align*}
\tolim{x}{x_0}f(x) & = \tolim{x}{x_0}f(x_0) + \tolim{x}{x_0}\frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x-x_0}(x-x_0)\\
& = f(x_0) + \deriv{f}(x_0) \cdot 0\\
& = f(x_0)
\end{align*}
因此$f$连续。
\end{proof}