第五周。
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03函数的导数.tex
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03函数的导数.tex
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\chapter{函数的导数}
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\section{导数的概念}
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\begin{definition}[导数]
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设函数$f(x)$在$x_0$附近有定义(包括$x_0$点)。定义$f$在$x_0$点的导数
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\[\deriv{f}(x_0) = \tolim{x}{x_0}\frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x - x_0}\]
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若极限存在,则称$f$在$x_0$点可导。
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\end{definition}
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\begin{remark}
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应用代换$\Delta x = x - x_0$,导数可以等价地表示为
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\[\deriv{f} = \tolim{\Delta x}{0} \frac{(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x}\eqper\]
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\end{remark}
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Leibniz记号:记$\Delta f = f(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)$,那么
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\[\frac{\dif f}{\dif x} = \tolim{\Delta x}{0} \frac{\Delta f}{\Delta x}\]
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或记为
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\[\frac{\dif f}{\dif x}(x_0) = \frac{\dif f}{\dif x}\bigg|_{x=x_0} = \deriv{f}(x_0) \eqper\]
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\begin{definition}[单侧导数]
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左导数:$\deriv{f}_{-} (x_0) = \tolim{\Delta x}{0^-} \dfrac{(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x}$
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右导数:$\deriv{f}_{+} (x_0) = \tolim{\Delta x}{0^+} \dfrac{(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x}$
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\end{definition}
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\begin{corollary}
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$\deriv{f}$存在等价于$\deriv{f}_{-}(x_0)$和$\deriv{f}_{+}(x_0)$都存在且相等。
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\end{corollary}
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\begin{theorem}[函数可导与连续的关系]
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若$f$在$x_0$点可导,则$f$在$x_0$点连续。
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\end{theorem}
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\begin{proof}
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注意到有
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\begin{align*}
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f(x) & = f(x_0) + (f(x) - f(x_0))\\
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& = f(x_0) + \frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x-x_0}(x-x_0)
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\end{align*}
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对上面等式两边求极限,应用极限的四则运算性质:
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\begin{align*}
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\tolim{x}{x_0}f(x) & = \tolim{x}{x_0}f(x_0) + \tolim{x}{x_0}\frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x-x_0}(x-x_0)\\
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& = f(x_0) + \deriv{f}(x_0) \cdot 0\\
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& = f(x_0)
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\end{align*}
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因此$f$连续。
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\end{proof}
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