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MathematicalAnalysis/14多变量函数的微分学.tex
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\chapter{多变量函数的微分学}
\section{方向导数和偏导数}
\begin{definition}[方向导数]
设开集$D \subset \ndreal$$f: D \to \realnum$$\bvec{u} \in \realnum^n$$\norm{\bvec{u}} = 1$,此时称$\bvec{u}$为一个方向,$\bvec{x}_0 \in D$。如果极限
\[\tolim{t}{0} \frac{f(\bvec{x}_0 + t\bvec{u}) - f(\bvec{x})}{t}\]
存在且有限,那么称这个极限是函数$f$在点$\bvec{x}_0$处沿方向$\bvec{u}$方向的导数,记为$\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial \bvec{u}} (\bvec{x}_0)$
\end{definition}
\begin{remark}
$\phi(t) = f(\bvec{a} + t \tilde{\bvec{u}})$,则显然$\deriv{\phi}(0) = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial \bvec{u}} (\bvec{a})$
\end{remark}
\begin{definition}[偏导数]
讨论下列单位坐标向量
\begin{align*}
\bvec{e}_1 & = (1, 0, 0, \dots, 0)\\
\bvec{e}_2 & = (0, 1, 0, \dots, 0)\\
& \quad \dots\\
\bvec{e}_n & = (0, 0, \dots, 0, 1)
\end{align*}
称函数$f$在点$\bvec{x}_0$处沿方向$\bvec{e}_i$的方向导数为$f$$\bvec{x}_0$处的第$i$个一阶偏导数,记作
\[\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_i}(\bvec{x}_0)\]
\[D_i f(\bvec{x}_0)\]
并称$D_i = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_i}$为第$i$个偏微分算子,$i = 1, 2, \dots, n$
\end{definition}
\section{多变量函数的微分}
我们希望与一维函数时类似,用一个切平面来线性近似一个曲面在某一点附近的值,即如果我们已知某空间曲面$S$的函数表示为$z = f(x, y)$,那么给定$S$上一点$P = (x_0, y_0, z_0)$,考察曲面上该点上的切平面的方程。首先其方程过$P$,因此应为
\[z = z_0 + a(x - x_0) + b(y - y_0)\]
其次作为切平面应该有$z_0 = f(x_0, y_0)$,同时
\[f(x, y) - z_0 - a(x - x_0) - b(y - y_0) = o\left(\sqrt{(x - x_0)^2 + (y - y_0)^2}\right)\]
\[f(x, y) - f(x_0, y_0) = a(x - x_0) + b(y - y_0) + o \left(\sqrt{(x - x_0)^2 + (y - y_0)^2}\right)\]
再进一步,我们希望线性地近似一个多元函数。假设我们一直函数$u = f(x, y, z)$。那么给定一点$P = (x_0, y_0, z_0)$,考察函数在该点附近的线性近似
\[u = u_0 + a(x - x_0) + b(y - y_0) + c(z - z_0)\]
如果它是已知函数在$P$的线性近似,那么$u_0 = f(x_0, y_0, z_0)$
\[f(x, y, z) - f(x_0, y_0, z_0) = a\Delta x + b \Delta y + c \Delta z + o\left(\sqrt{\Delta x^2 + \Delta y^2 + \Delta z^2}\right)\]
其中
\[\Delta x = x - x_0, \Delta y = y - y_0, \Delta z = z - z_0\]
\begin{definition}[函数的微分]
设开集$f: D \to \realnum$。取定一点$\bvec{x}_0 \in D\interior$。如果存在$n$维向量$\bvec{A} = \lambda_1, \lambda_2, \dots, \lambda_n$,满足
\[f(\bvec{x}_0 + \Delta \bvec{x}) - f(\bvec{x}_0) = \brak{\bvec{A}, \Delta \bvec{x}} + o(\norm{\Delta \bvec{x}})\]
那么称函数$f$在点$\bvec{x}_0$处可谓,并称$\brak{\bvec{A}, \Delta \bvec{x}}$$f$$\bvec{x}_0$处的微分,记作
\[\dif f(\bvec{x}_0) = \brak{\bvec{A}, \Delta \bvec{x}}\]
其中$\bvec{A}$称为微分系数。
\end{definition}